Friday, April 12, 2013

ENJOY AT ALL COSTS

Today, however, when we are bombarded from all sides by different versions of the superego injunction “Enjoy!”, from direct enjoyment of sexual performance to enjoyment of professional achievement or spiritual awakening
-Slavoj Zizek. The Parallax View. 303.




On March 4, 2013, the Guardian reported that Justin Bieber's 19th birthday had been ruined by British law. He had booked tables at the Cirque du Soir club in Soho. However when he arrived, some of his entourage were turned away because they were under Britain's legal limit of 18. Bieber then tweeted “Worst birthday.” After being turned away, Bieber's "posse was forced to retire to a nearby McDonald's."

The question arises of which activities are appropriate for the celebration of a rich young man's last "teenage" birthday. At 19, Bieber is an adult (able to vote, drink, get a mortgage, drive, etc), but is not an adult in the sense that he has the wisdom, experience, and maturity of an adult. For his birthday celebration, there are limited options. He is unable to get a clown, a magician, have a barbecue and invite all his friends from school. He is unable to host a brunch, a potluck, a fondue party. These avenues of adult socialization are closed off to him simply because of his position in the public eye and his position as avatar of a youth culture. His music is atavistic in its injunction to party, to have a good time, to be youthful, to love at full volume. Thus, any compromise on his birthday celebration would be a violation of his ethos. Bieber, by virtue of his own music, is forced to enjoy at all costs.

In this essay, I will explore the cultural injunction to party otherwise known as the super-ego ideal of enjoy at all costs as formulated by Lacan and Zizek. The injunction to enjoy is currently the cultural dominant and has come to overshadow competing discourses in popular culture. As subjects, we must enjoy or else with the "or else" being nebulously defined as a lifetime of solitude and missed experiences. The cultural injunction to party can be succinctly defined by the prevalent use of two acronyms: the oft-seen and oft-ridiculed "YOLO" (you only live once) and the lesser known but older-skewing "FOMO" (fear of missing out). The logic of late capitalism that demands subjects consume has been internalized and then turned outwards as even celebrities become subjects to a discourse of endless partying.



In 2011, Khalil Underwood uploaded a demo called "Party All Night," which was meant to attract the attention of Bieber and Chris Brown. Underwood's business model is similar to Bieber's rise to fame: upload original songs, covers, and funny videos to YouTube in the hope that a record company scout or somebody famous will notice and subsequently offer a record deal. "Party All Night," embedded above, is an atrocious song with the simplest of beats and the simplest of lyrics. The martial beat of the song demands the listener move, stomp, or clap in time while the lyrics command the listener to party all night.
No,no I don't care if you're single tonight.
Just get up on your feet and have a good time.
Cause girl we're gonna party all night.
Gonna party all night.
Gonna party all night.
Gonna party all night.
The speaker has no interest in the girl/object's relation to anything outside of the song, or presumably the club where the music is thumping and the lights are flashing. The speaker demands of the object to dance, regardless of any interpersonal relation. They must party all night, which in the context of the song and greater culture, can be taken to mean drinking, dancing, clubbing, and having sex. The atavistic pleasures of partying are simultaneously freeing and menacing. Freeing in the sense that partying represents an oasis away from the relentless labour of the modern world, the ceaseless pressures of responsibility, the endless onslaught of information pushing and pushing and pushing. Menacing in the sense that to party all night requires a commitment from the partier to expend a considerable amount of time, money, and bodily energy in the pursuit of partying. The injunction is omnipresent and inescapable. The subject must spend his body in order to enjoy fully.

In How to Read Lacan, Zizek points to a three and a half second long dissolve to another shot in the film Casablanca as an example of the ideal super-ego at work. When Rick and Ilsa are talking, the film shifts focus to the airport and then comes back to the couple. The 3.5 seconds seem to occur in diegetic time, the bed remains the same, and their clothes appear to be undisturbed. The audience is left to wonder if the couple had sex. The dissolve creates the implication that the couple might have had sex as dissolves generally signify a temporal jump forwards. Thus, the audience is given the offer to imagine their dirtiest fantasy but projected onto the ideal figures of super cool Rick and super beautiful Ilsa. The audience transposes their fantasies onto fantasy figures. This is the superego injunction to enjoy, Zizek argues. Zizek writes, "You can indulge in it, because you are absolved from the guilt by the fact that, for the big Other, they definitely did not do it."

Guilty pleasures are evacuated of their guilt through the cultural injunction to enjoy. Through what Zizek calls interpassivity, cultural objects do the work of feeling guilt, being critical of capitalism, having negative thoughts for the subject. This is the Lacanian notion of "decentrement," the decentered subject. Deeply felt intimate feelings can be externalized and then experienced through substitution. The subject defers the labour of feeling guilt about guilty pleasures by substituting another subject or rather, in commodity fetishism, the object. The guilt and enjoyment are displaced onto the Other, in Lacanian terms. Thus, enjoyment is "not an immediate spontaneous state, but is sustained by a superego-imperative: as Lacan emphasized again and again, the ultimate content of the superego-injunction is 'Enjoy!'" (Zizek).

The enjoyment of the guilty pleasure comes not just from the first order consumption of the pleasure but also from the second order of guilt, the violation of the prohibition. The subject experiences enjoyment through both interrelated orders of enjoyment, as the first is a pale shadow of itself if not paired with the taboo.

Generally, the guilty pleasure, as formulated by popular culture, is defined mostly in terms of edible, consumable products such as chocolate or red meat. However, in consumer culture, the commodities being sold contain within themselves a paradox: the market needs to sell these products, but needs to maintain the prohibition in order to create the need. Thus, a third order of enjoyment is created through the commodity culture. The subject receives pleasure from and through the Other by acquiescing to the injunction to enjoy.

Zizek points to the paradox of the superego injunction with the example of "a father who works hard to organize a family holiday and, after a series of postponements, tired of it all, shouts at his children: 'Now you better enjoy it!' (Zizek). This can be extended to the injunction to party that comes from the hands of the subjects also embedded in the same discourse.

Bieber, Underwood, LMFAO, Ke$ha Andrew W.K. are all examples of artists that must heed their own call. They are subjects to the menacing enjoinder to enjoy at all costs. Of all the artists working within popular music, LMFAO appears be most emblematic of this phenomenon. Specifically, LMFAO have even re-deployed the slang "party rock" to mean a complex set of signifiers.

In an interview with Las Vegas Weekly, DJ Redfoo gives a generative definition for party rock:
The Party Rock … it’s an experience, it’s a lifestyle. We feel that it’s a way of celebrating life, it’s a way of partying …
Rather than simply be one of many activities that subjects engage in (labour, leisure, sleep, etc), party rock comes to encompass an entire mode of living. Partying becomes analogous with "alternative" lifestyles such as the naturalist's dream of living off the land in a commune, or maintaining military manners in daily lived experience. Rather, party rock becomes a discipline.

As per Foucault, a discipline is one of many mechanisms of power that regulates and mandates the behaviours of subjects within a social setting. In order for power to be exercise, the bodies are subject to regulation through the organization of space, of time, and of their behaviours. Discipline, in Foucault's formulation, is enforced with the help of surveillance. Thus, party rock exists as a Foucauldian discipline. Party rock can happen anywhere but it mostly takes place within the architecture and space of the dance club. The dancefloor is, in a way, similar to Foucault's formulation of the prison.

In downtown Williamsport, Pennsylvania, there is a building called "The Cell Block" which is a dance club made from the husk of a prison built between 1799 and 1801. The old prison ceased its initial function in 1982, and in 2001, a developer turned the site into a dance club, as its location is perfect for students of both universities in the area. While its geographic and urban location is ideal, its very structure speaks to the apt comparison between prison and dance floor. The superficial links between the prison and the dance floor abound: both employ guards to control movement in and out, both order and manipulate bodies through space. However, the urban space of the dance floor and the punitive space of the prison share more than cosmetic similarities. Both spaces are devoted to concepts of containment and release, spectacle and observation, and highly specific gendered gestures. The DJ booth observes and regulates similar to a panopticon, and the coordination of bodies through space maintains control despite dance being a method of losing control. It should be no surprise that one method of torture devised by modern military organizations is the relentless repetition of loud dance music to disorient the subject.



Party rock, with its idealized unfolding localized on the dancefloor, is menacing in its disciplinary power.  Despite being called "rock," "Party Rock Anthem" is not a rock song. It is, on the surface, a pop song influenced by electronic dance music. However, it is an anthem, in that announces and celebrates a "way of life." On the site Overthinkingit.com, Mark Lee argues that:
LMFAO has effectively created a new definition for the noun “rock.” ”Rock” is a state of mind, not a music genre. LMFAO is simply taking the evolution of the culture that grew up around “rock” music to its next logical step: divorcing it from its source music altogether.
Emphasis mine. Party rock is not simply an activity categorized under the all encompassing term "leisure" but a state of mind, a way of life, an alternative lifestyle that is no longer alternative. It has become the dominant. The anthemic song also features the super-ego injunction right in the first few moments of the song:
Party rock is in the house tonight
Everybody just have a good time
And we gonna make you lose your mind
Everybody just have a good time
The song instructs and demands that the subject have a good time. Within the logic of the song, which is also the logic of a way of life, there is no room for anything but partying. In order to achieve this state of being (state of partying), one must lose their mind. The subject must surrender their own individuality to become part of the discipline. The consumption of alcohol and other depressants, implied in the concept of party rock, contribute to the docility of the body, a necessary element of the disciplinary power. The body is subjected to uninterrupted coercion in the form of repetitive ceaseless martial beats, pounding from the DJ booth. The intoxication from the alcohol combined with the numbing effects of the relentless noise of the club sustains the docility necessary to maintain discipline.

While music videos depict ordered, tightly controlled, uniform dancing, in reality, the dance floor is a messy display of uncoordinated bodies, sticky floors, spilled drinks, and garbage. Superficially, party rock does not resemble a military order, a school, or a monastery. However, party rock deploys a careful phrase in order to mediate the undisciplined actions of the discipline itself. LMFAO's 2011 album is entitled, Sorry for Party Rocking, a disingenuous phrase that excuses and dismisses any criticism of the lifestyle. Urban Dictionary provides a succinct and generative definition: "the act of apologizing for having an awesome time." Party rocking is allowed to extend and envelope any questionable behaviour that might arise. Party rocking sets the terms and limits of what is possible through the simple disingenuous phrase. In this way, party rocking becomes a discourse, in Foucauldian terms. "Sorry for party rocking" allows for problematic behaviour and actions to be categorized under the protective umbrella. Party rocking is benign, fun, inclusive, and does not hurt anybody due to its pursuit of a good time. Thus, when anything negative occurs, the unwelcome behaviour can quickly be appropriated by party rock the discourse in order to alleviate the action of its crime. The song "Sorry for Party Rocking" is didactic. It instructs how to minimize instances of "party fouls" by repeating the mantra. The speaker sexually harasses somebody in the club by groping them and this behaviour becomes excusable once the mantra has been repeated. The phrase becomes the disavowal of the guilt associated with atavistic behaviours, the ones prohibited by the Big Other. Essentially, "sorry for party rocking" is a intonation of the super-ego injunction.



LMFAO's contribution to this collaboration appears to be simply the repetition of the words, "And party" over and over. LMFAO appear to be steadfastly and studiously committed to the party rock way of life. As they write paean after encomium to party rock, it becomes a sort of Other than they are writing to. In other words, "party rock" and its set of behaviours that must be followed are a Big Other. It is a purely symbolic order, a collective lie that all bodies are subject to. We know that a lifestyle of pure partying is physically exhausting and consuming (the Real), yet we agree that party rocking is fun, inclusive, and appropriate (the Symbolic). We obey the superego injunction to party for "fear of missing out" or simply to avoid violating the order set by the Big Other of partying.

The party rock subject simply ignores cultural prohibitions on partying without limit and engages in partying for the sake of appearances, in order to appease the Big Other, the symbolic order. Thus, Justin Bieber's birthday celebration could only have happened in a nightclub. Whether Bieber wanted to party or not, he must maintain the appearances of a party rock subject, he must obey the super-ego injunction, he must enjoy and the only way to enjoy is through the labour of partying.

On authenticity and geek culture

It should be no surprise that I think the phenomenon of "fake geek girls" is specious at best. At worst, it's vile misogyny and strikes me somewhat of a persecution complex.

The logic, as stated by countless critics, is that previously geeks were ostracized and bullied for their outlier interests. Now that contemporary culture has embraced — no, colonized geek culture, geeks are defensive, that they were the original lovers of outlier culture and that they are entitled to the respect deserving of pioneers. Any non-geek that enters into the discourse of geek culture is doing so in a frivolous manner. As perceived by geeks, this is akin to allies within various social movements. The ally is not "in it to win it" because they are not emotionally invested in the success of the movement. Thus, they are trivializing it by their very participation. This is how geeks perceive the colonization of geek culture.

They're not entirely wrong, but neither are they entirely correct. If any trivializing is happening, it's due to the process of colonization by late capitalism that assigns monetary value and thus equivalence to cultural objects that previously laid on the borders. Spider-Man now has the virtually the same cultural and social capital as Survivor or Ellen Degeneres. The exchange value of Spider-Man has been depleted. No longer is your identity's worth tied up with the arcane knowledge of culture that's inaccessible and unwelcoming to outsiders. This colonization comes hand in hand with the Internet, of course. The Internet becomes the great equalizer; everybody has access to the same databases that list every single obscure comic book character and reference and issue and crossover.

No longer are geeks special for their special knowledge. So, they externalize this obsolescence and focus their ire on those that appear to be benefiting from the colonization without "putting in their dues." In other words, geeks bully those that previously bullied them. A cycle of retributive justice.

This essentially boils down to the idea that back in the nebulously defined days (70s, 80s, 90s), geek culture was inclusive because it was always on the edge. It needed more people in order to survive. Now it doesn't need people to survive because of the commodity culture. Whether we like it or not, superheroes and geek culture are now part of the mainstream. This is irrevocable. While geek culture was previously inclusive, now there is an attempt to make it exclusive. Average casual fans need an authentication cards just to enter into a conversation about some terrible TV show.



Let's face facts here. Geek culture is terrible. It's Sturgeon's Law writ large. Most of the cultural objects we consume are fucking awful (the New 52, Marvel Now!, crossovers, Rob Liefeld, Bendis, Flash Forward, Robert J Sawyer, the new Star Trek film, the Clone Wars theatrical film, etc etc etc etc). Most of it. Not all. Most. So why are we getting so defensive about a culture that's been thoroughly colonized and then diluted by late capitalism?

We need to get over the idea that geek culture was or is sacred and that it needs protection from "fake geek girls" who are trivializing the struggle for acceptance. We won. We received acceptance from the mainstream and now you're mad because of that?

Defensive geeks hold tight to their outmoded perceived structure of the world, where they are still the victims of targeted bullying. In reaction, they turn the bullying around and spew vile shit at women, PoC, LGBT people in order to maintain the purity of the geek culture. These outsiders would only trivialize or compromise the integrity of our sacred geek culture.

In my perspective, adding more talented people, regardless of background, could only help geek culture rip itself from its stagnant roots and bring geek culture into the twenty first century. More women, more PoC, more LGBT people can only help, they can challenge the homophobia, the racism, the transphobia, the sexism, the pure misogyny, the benign racism all of that stuff. More talented people can only improve geek culture.

Thursday, April 11, 2013

Lacan's graph of desire






So here's a painting, in acrylics, of Lacan's graph of desire, without all the text and with the "voice" arrow pointing to a huge open mouth. The concept was that the further down the graph, the more chaotic the colours, the more the mouth consumes. Or, the more the mouth externalizes. It's inspired by Gertrude Stein's "Lifting Belly" which kind of conceptualizes erotic and emotional desire as a maternal or feminine thing. Also, the graph of desire, devoid of text, appears like a sigil or a rune, a magical thing. In another sense, the graph is an example of pareidolia, especially with the mouth. Click to embiggen

Monday, April 1, 2013

Portrait of Gertrude Stein

I haven't painted in a long time for numerous reasons. First, I had no place to do it and secondly, I wasn't really inspired. I'm currently taking a class on Gertrude Stein and for the final project, I decided to paint a few things inspired by Stein's lesbian erotic poem "Lifting Belly." This is a portrait of Gertrude along with a (seemingly pregnant) belly. I like the left side of the painting more than the right.


You can click on it to make it bigger.

Expect a few more paintings to be uploaded in the next few weeks. I purchased some rather large canvas and huge bottles of paint. I'm about one third of the way through the first huge painting.

Sunday, March 3, 2013

Notes on the Political Evacuation of Pop

1.
Popular culture (hereafter known as pop) has been evacuated of political challenge. Pop has become politically inert and lifeless. It doesn't challenge or frustrate or incite at all. Any statement pop makes is facile and childish, an inchoate expression of irritation or condemnation rather than any particular developed thought. It is entirely without genius to remark that pop has slowly then quickly moved into what Adorno and Horkheimer called the culture industry. The products of this industry infantilize its consumers. In the spirit of this infantilization, I've structured this piece as a series of easily digestible notes, rather than with the force of an organized essay.

2.
The utter political evacuation of pop is — without a doubt — due to the utter success of capitalism. As this point in our lives, we have trouble imagining any realistic alternative to capitalism. It is easier to imagine an end of the world scenario than it is to imagine the dismantling of capitalism. The system's success story features a plethora of side effects, many of which have been observed by greater critics than myself: schizophrenia, consumerist addiction, the pornification of all things, the colonization of white feminism, etc etc etc.

3.
Mark Fisher, author of Capitalist Realism, writes, “the power of capitalist realism derives in part from the way that capitalism subsumes and consumes all of previous history: one effect of its 'system of equivalence' which can assign all cultural objects, whether they are religious iconography, pornography, or Das Kapital, a monetary value” (4).

He asks the reader to imagine walking around the British Museum seeing various objects from discrete time periods and geographic locales thrown together in one room, robbed of historical — and more importantly — of political context. The objects around us, the cultural artifacts, the products of a particular society in a particular time, have all been reduced to a number beside a dollar sign. This is due to the utter rapacity of capitalism, of course: the menacing and relentless colonization in search of new markets, new demographics, new customers. It's a system that voraciously consumes while simultaneously inciting to consume.

4.
What better example of capitalism's rapacity than the cultural injunction to party? Numerous industries exist only by virtue of this particular cultural injunction that persists and confirms, despite the obvious negative effects it has on the consumer. The cultural injunction to party is simple: life is short, maximize your pleasure with this particular product.

However, what makes this demand so utterly genius and so utterly insidious is that it does away with the traditional guilt aspect of mindless consumption. Hitherto, consumption was predicated on the intersection between guilt and pleasure. This brand of chocolate's negative effects on your health is directly proportional to the pleasure you'll derive from it. “You've had a long day, you deserve it”, goes this instance of demand.

The cultural injunction to party is far simpler and more atavistic. Rather than rely on a complex cycle of emotional self-flagellation and self-forgiveness, this demand asks only that you enjoy — at all costs. It demands that you drink to excess because that's fun (see all your friends on Facebook who went to the club this weekend?). It demands that you visit exotic locales in order to drink there (swim up bar!). It demands that you devote your life to maximizing pleasure. The hashtag #yolo helpfully recapitulates this as does its lesser used sister, #fomo. In both cases, the idea is that this one experience is not to be repeated (until next weekend, as per Katy Perry and the cyclical nature of capitalism) and thus not to be missed. Whereas previous paradigms of consumption operated on guilt while consuming, the cultural injunction to party operates on guilt if not consuming. This demand is the ultimate mindless act of consumption as it asks the subject to consume himself. In other words, the cultural injunction to party is the absolute expression of capitalism's cannibalism.

5.
Political statements are no longer “cool” as in the Civil Rights and student movements era of the 1960s. There is literally no 2010s analogue of Bob Dylan “going electric.” To identify one's self as openly or energetically political is often a self-ostracizing maneuver. It alienates your friends on Facebook (your grandma doesn't understand why you get so worked up about California's Prop 8), estranges you from your workmates (Marcia at the front desk has an Anne Geddes calendar; don't mention your rabid pro-choice stance), and jeopardizes your interpersonal relationship skills — nobody wants to be reminded all the time of how shitty things are right now. Why would they? There's a black Democrat in the White House, the economy is slowly recovering after the (ludicrously complicated) recession after 2008, and there has literally been no better time than now to be black or gay. Constant nagging about the current political situation (this same black Democrat has intensified the unmanned drone program) will only net you the tag “insufferable” or “too much of a downer.” The rhetoric is always the same: “now” is not the time to politicize the issue, or to turn this into a political “thing.” In order to avoid alienating all of your family and friends, you maintain a degree of politeness. In order to avoid confrontation, you prescribe to the “cult of nice.”

6.
The cult of nice is a paradigmatic and hegemonic discourse of maintaining civility at the cost of nuanced or emotional discussion. It is a way of controlling and limiting communication to make sure everybody at the table is included and not offended. The cult of nice utterly commands the avoidance of confrontation. It starts with what conservatives called political correctness and then escalated from there. We must police our language as to make sure nobody is offended by our slips of the tongue or our ignorant choice in words. We internalized this policing of language and extended it outwards. “If you can't say anything nice, don't say anything at all” but writ large. This mantra is offered as a cure for friction in interpersonal relationships. Avoid confrontation and negotiation of social protocols will flow smoother.

The cult of nice is an intensification of white female performativity. We must maintain our demureness and passivity in the face of boorish masculine performativity so that we might be “the better man.” It should be absolutely no surprise that the cult of nice is a gendered performance that is completely intensified for those of the female gender. It's hyper-intensified for those women of colour who choose to ask any questions or make any demands. They are immediately silenced in the greater discourse because we mustn't offend those in power (white patriarchy, obviously).

7.
The key to understanding the cult of nice is that avoiding confrontation is good for business. And what becomes good for business becomes good for interpersonal relationships. Anything that is remotely bad for business is colonized by capitalism in order to evacuate it of its potential ability to diminish profits.

For example, “beefs” used to be an integral element of hip hop culture. Feuds occurred famously between Biggie and Tupac, Nas and Jay-Z, Russell Simmons and everybody. Sometimes, these feuds ended in the deaths of those involved. (This opens up an intriguing and valuable discussion about the disposibility of the black body for white entertainment but that is outside the purview of this piece) These feuds are trending downwards now in mainstream hip hop — although this is due to a matrix of factors including the gentrification of hip hop — but this gentrification still works through the logic of “good for business.” Capitalism's colonization of hip hop and the rise of poptimism led to greater degrees of collaboration between hip hop artists and those outside of the culture. Beefing tends to limit collaborative movements as X's beef with Y might upset X's new single with Y's friend. Collaborations (synergy) are far more profitable than the record sales generated from the controversy from beefing. When hip hop stopped being the star of Congressional hearings, everybody was able to make a lot more money.

This cult of nice is partly to blame for the myth that we live in a post-racial society. Nobody talks about race (or the disposability of the black body) because it is uncomfortable (raises the spectre of slavery) and impolite. Hip hop stars work with white pop singers, black Democrats are in the white house, there's a Latina on the Supreme Court, why would we talk about race when we're clearly living in a post-racial society? Racism is over because racism isn't polite and thus violates the imperative from the cult of nice. Of course, this is absolutely specious and avoids the nuance of complex political discourse.

8.
The cult of nice avoids inconvenient political interrogations. Thus, relativism becomes dominant. This is a product of the individuating pedagogy that emphasizes how “everybody's special.” Every child can accomplish anything they want as long as they set their mind to it, etc etc etc. This individuating pedagogy, as I have called it, puts a direct focus on the abilities of the individual rather than any cooperation within a group to direct or incite change. The individual is powerless against a complex and vast machine (of late capitalism/democracy) and to avoid the inevitable depression that comes with the realization of powerlessness, the pedagogy emphasizes what the individual can do within its own sphere of influence rather than without. It should be no surprise that the rise of individuating pedagogy occurred contemporaneously with the rise of neoliberalism. This economic policy believed in the elimination of “big government” and a greater focus on the responsibility of the individual. No longer should the state take care of people, but rather it is the responsibility of the individuals to take care of the people. Everybody's special and everybody has the ability to help each other out. Of course, if everybody's special, then so are their abilities, opinions, and beliefs. Since everybody's opinion is special, then none are privileged. Individuals have the ability (and in the American Dream, the opportunity) to do whatever they want as long as it doesn't affect the status quo. When this happens, the individual is punished by society through ostracizing. Individuals that choose to take on the cult of nice are, in effect, in violation of the cult of nice.

9.
Since the primary goal of capitalism is to increase profits, anything that does so is prioritized over methods with lesser gains. The cult of nice diffuses over pop in order to avoid any conflict or contradiction. In other words, the cult of nice is the grease that oils the gears of late capitalism. Anything that is antagonistic to this relationship is ostracized or demonized, such as intellectualism or academia. This is primarily due to the fact that intellectualization engenders the observation of consumerism's utter emptiness. Political statements inevitably emphasize by relation how consumption is devoid of meaning. The relative importance or immediacy of political thought starkly highlights the mindlessness of consumption and by proxy, the cultural injunction to party. Which is to say that it is within capitalism's best interest to avoid any self-awareness or confrontation from the consumer. Late capitalism then prioritizes the cult of nice to evacuate pop of political statement in order to above all else maximize profits.

The cultural injunction to party then replaces political discourse as its demands are without confrontation, without impoliteness, without offense. How can one be offended by partying? It's simply the pursuit of happiness writ large.

10.
At this point, I am going to offer examples of the evacuation of politics from pop.

I will start with indie darling band Vampire Weekend. This band faced a bit of controversy from online bloggers etc because of its distinct appropriation of 1980s Madagascar pop music. Songwriter Ezra Koenig was heavily influenced by African pop, but feared he would be grouped with other white artists (eg Paul Simon, Peter Gabriel) who belong to a trend of fetishizing African music and reproducing it for white consumption. For Koenig, his enjoyment of African music was pure and not racialized and since he comes from privileged background (he went to Columbia University etc) he is fully embedded in the cult of nice and thus can't be racist for his cultural appropriation. For artists such as Koenig, they can't be racist because a) they have black friends, b) they were raised in a post-racial society, and c) racism is bad for business. Therefore, Vampire Weekend's cultural appropriation is evacuated of political statement and then lowered to pure stylistic affectation. It's the gestures of racialized pop without the “burden” of being racialized.

Another example of popular culture evacuated of political discourse is the trend of celebrities “speaking out” against certain things. George Clooney becoming involved in the Darfur situation, Bob Geldof organizing “Live Aid,” celebrities adopting African/Asian babies, etc etc etc. Celebrity political statements come in two forms: the ludicrous (Ted Nugent) or the banal (“rape is bad, you guys”). In the latter form, the celebrity says something painfully obvious and is celebrated for their commitment to “telling it like it is.” Other than extreme examples like the aforementioned Nuge, celebrities generally get involved in the most centrist political movements, ones that people on either side of the political spectrum can support without the effort of agitation. Who doesn't want to see the end of genocide? Who doesn't want to see the end of violent rape? Celebrities back the most basic issues in far off places to avoid offending their fans of mixed political ideologies. To get involved in something specific within their own country (beyond nebulously supporting President Obama) would run the severe risk of irritating and alienating a large portion of their fanbase. To do so would contravene the capitalist imperative of maximizing profits.

A third example of the evacuation of political thought from pop is the Oscar-winning movie Crash. At this point, it's almost a cliché to complain about this movie's win of Best Picture over the irrefutably superior Brokeback Mountain but this does the Oscars a greater service its deserves by paying any attention to its inner workings. Rather, let's focus on the insipid white liberal guilt nonsense that this movie traffics in. The film is predicated on a mildly clever metaphor that different groups and different individuals are figuratively crashing into each other because they lack the necessary nuance and background to communicate effectively. Crash takes this (only moderately) clever metaphor and stretches it to two plus hours. In order to belabor its point, the movie mobilizes a series of painfully reductive stereotypes such as the Muslim shopkeeper, the black carjacker, the rich white guy driving an SUV, the Latino gangmember and so on and so forth. Crash even has the gall to pretend that it's aware of its own reductive characters by providing Ludacris's carjacker character the platform to comment on the stereotype. This is simply a gesture towards self-awareness and not a complete movement of course. Like this, the rest of the movie is an exercise in white Hollywood liberal guilt, ie the idea that individual white people demonstrate racist behavior and are therefore bad people. The film concludes with the limpid moral that if individuals stop being racist to each other than racism will be eradicated. It's a hysterical expression of the cult of nice and the product of an individuating pedagogy. Crash ignorantly avoids the idea that racism is institutionalized and that greater systemic change is needed rather than simply individuals just trying to be nice to each other. It's a movie that purports to be a political statement but, in true cult of nice fashion, lacks all nuance or complexity. Instead of examining the idea that race is socially constructed and that society needs to be changed (or replaced) in order to change this paradigm, the movie traffics in cheap sentimentality and theatrics.

A fourth and final example (of many) is the film Paul, starring Simon Pegg and Seth Rogen as the voice of the titular alien. I've written before on the male slacker fantasy movie such as Ted, and other Apatow movies. In Paul, the arrested development fantasy of white males is intensified through the fantasy element of the literal alien. The straight white male feels alienated from a society that demands labour, careers, and families so Paul takes this alienation literally. The eponymous alien is just like a white male slacker bro: he likes weed, video games, the Internet, and just hanging out. When the two human friends, both of them stuck in an arrested development of sci-fi fandom, meet the alien, they are surprised to find that even aliens are just like them, that is to say, just like straight white male. If you ever wanted an absolute proof of the self-centered nature of white patriarchy, then look no further to the fantasies of that patriarchy. Only the white straight male would have the narcissism necessary to fantasize that even aliens are essentially white straight male bros that just want to hang out. Of course, the film does not purport to be political in the sense of Crash or Live Aid, but surely this rather successful depiction of partying all the time says something about the current state of white masculinity. I'm hesitant to engage in the thinking that there is a crisis in masculinity because, let's face it, the crisis involves a large population of men willing only to work at video games and seducing women, so I have no sympathy for these lecherous white slacker bros. However, Paul might be instructive as an example of mainstream science fiction that utterly fails to do anything productive within the genre. Sci-fi is often regarded as the more politically, socially aware of the white male genres (with fantasy being the nostalgia mode, as per Fredric Jameson). African American science fiction is a large and extremely productive subgenre of science fiction that is manifested even today as with Janelle Monae. Numerous critics such as Alexander Weheliye and Robin James have pointed to the importance of Afrofuturism in popular culture. This genre of music articulates a sense of alienation within American society, and an expression of the legacy of slavery, as black Americans were abducted from their homeland, forced into crowded ships, thrown into an entirely unrecognizable society, and forced to be workers. Afrofuturism posits that black Americans are both aliens on another world and robots, constructed only to serve. Whereas movies like Paul express nothing other than the fantasy to avoid emotional and economic maturity. This film is science fiction completely liquidated of any political awareness and expression. Paul doesn't attempt to fantasize about the possibility of abandoning late capitalism in the sense that white male slacker bros are disengaged from the labour machine. Instead, it simply imagines ways around traditional profit making by alternative forms of capitalism (sci fi conventions are smaller but profitable markets). It's an evacuation of political expression that's absolutely par for the course.

11.
But what of anomalies such as Green Day's American Idiot and the work of Matt Stone and Trey Parker? What about Michael Moore and other personalities that made their money criticizing the Bush Administration in the years after 9/11? What do we make of artists such as Mos Def, Common, and Kanye West who all openly criticized George W. Bush for not caring about black people (it was true then and it is true now)? For a time after 9/11, there appeared a great eruption of nationalistic fervor, an increase in patriotism, but with the invasion of Iraq and what Jason Burke calls The 9/11 Wars, there came a schism in artistic expression. Either objects were patriotic or objects were critical of the system. How to reconcile the apparent contradiction of apolitical cultural objects with specifically directed political statements?

The answer is, of course, that these explicitly political statements from Parker/Stone, Green Day, et al were facile childish criticisms of Bush the personality, rather than Bush the political entity. Movies such as Team America and albums such as American Idiot were more concerned with poking fun at Bush's poor rhetoric skills, his perceived stupidity, his insane amounts of privilege (he's a good ol' boy except his father was head of the CIA and the President). This criticisms were not careful dialogue with the war in the Middle East and how American imperialism, American exceptionalism, and capitalism contributed to the war. Post-9/11 culture imagines torture, prison, and war in simplistic ways, reducing them to either necessary elements or completely unethical. Both the right and the left are guilty of reductive reasoning in the years following 9/11. Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11 is probably the only work in the entire period that tries to grapple with an entire society that might be corrupt, rather than essentializing the administration for rhetorical purposes. This film presents us with the matrix of capitalism, corporatism, nepotism, and cronyism that sustained the circumstances necessary for war and war profiteering.

Only marginal figures such as Noam Chomsky and other leftist thinkers were willing to engage with the structures of American imperialism without thinking of them as fait accompli. However, Chomsky et al were rarely given a platform in the mainstream newly 24 hours news cycle of CNN and FOX NEWS. This would totally make sense as mainstream journalism is engaged in a interdependent relationship with the state, as per Chomsky's book Manufacturing Consent, which in some ways, prefigures the cult of nice. Marginal figures that criticize and challenge the state are meant to be ridiculed by the news system because of a capitalist dependency between journalism and their primary source, the state. News outlets avoid upsetting the state by publishing according to paradigms set by the state.

What of my personal favourites, Christopher Nolan's Dark Knight Trilogy? These are a series of films that explores Batman, as vigilant, through a realist lens. Previously a campy character in the collective imagination, linked to an allegorical “metropolis,” here he figures as an efficient navigator of complex, modern, and identifiable urban spaces, in combat with specific antagonists but also against a world system that generates a series of ever more dangerous opponents. Each film of the trilogy presents a re-imagined villain from Batman’s history, but altered to reflect a post 9/11 state. The first film positions the villain, Ra’s Al Ghul, as righteous freedom fighter; the second film offers the Joker as an inscrutable vehicle of chaos and destruction to the social order; the final entry in the series features the villain, the inscrutable Bane, as a folk hero, a twisted dark mirror of Batman himself. Each villain is committed to the upheaval of the traditional social order, the status quo that Batman vows to maintain through the use of his vast corporate coffers, and each antagonist reflects, resists and confirms the political situation of the period. In this way, Nolan’s conception of Batman is offered as an ideological vigilante, sworn to uphold a specific political and economic status quo. And thus, the films are uninterested in nuanced or complex explorations of the Bush administration, surveillance, and the power of the state. The Dark Knight contends that any corruption in the city of Gotham derives from personal human weakness rather than the structures' corrosive elements. Only the third Batman film makes any gesture towards the idea that structures can fail, but veils it in muddled class warfare and contradictory plotting. The films are ultimately centrist in their politics. Batman is the corporate fantasy, upholding a particular status quo, but equal time is given to depictions of anarchy and dark reflections of vigilantism.

12.
Of course, you might object at this point in the piece and say that not all cultural objects must be political statements. And I would agree with you. Not everything has to be an explicit political incitement to replace or change a system or structures. There is a place for art for art's sake and escapism. Discourses of escapism are especially important and needed in a society that increases the demand of labour while paying less for the supply. People work harder than ever thanks to late capitalism and they deserve to relax. They deserve to shut off their brains and watch reality television.

The problematic aspect of this line of thinking is that escapism has become the dominant form of culture instead of the subordinate. Cultural critics will be quick to point the finger at the medium of television for the dissolution of political expression in pop, but I'm not willing to let television take the fall entirely. Mindless culture predicated on instant gratification is simply a symptom of a system that prioritizes, above all else, short term profit. The precarity of an economic system finds its twin in the short attention span of the culture. The logic of late capitalism constantly reminds you that the thing you want is the thing after the thing you've already wanted. You desire an object, but as soon as you get your grubby hands on it, you're distracted by another object that you desire more, and so on and so forth. This precarity extends to pop, so we are always faced with endless waves of production, cycles of reality TV that repeat ad nauseum, ideas circulated, remixed, returned, memes exhausted by sheer circulation. It's what Fredric Jameson points to as pastiche in the postmodern, the cultural logic of late capitalism. Objects torn from their context and mindlessly mashed together with other torn objects without any thought or meaning. The pastiche is just a tasteless goulash made of other dishes. When capitalism assigns a monetary value to everything, reduces them to exchangeable things, then it should be easily predicted that the system would mix and match without self-awareness.

What makes this so deeply problematic is that this mindless mash, this malignant gruel has become hegemonic. When political expression is divorced from cultural expression (the fervor of anti-intellectualism), the culture absolutely suffers for this.

Think of high school English class, when you are asked to analyze a text. The teacher asks you to try and understand why the author made the curtains blue. Does it signify sadness? Does it refer to the ocean (of feeling)? Your teenage reaction is to dismiss this analysis as useless. Maybe the curtains were just blue because they were blue, you lackadaisically reply (as fervor or excitement is uncool when you're a teen).

Now what if that mode of thinking became the norm? What if every movie was “just a movie” and every book was “just a book”? What if you actually believed that cultural objects were most of the time benign and inert? What if an entire society internalized the idea that things were simply things and then produced a generation of things that were simply things? This, I would contend, is what has happened.

13.
Of course, this is ridiculous. As Jameson reminds us, the political perspective of a work is not “some supplementary method, not as an optional auxiliary to other interpretive methods… but rather as the absolute horizon of all reading and all interpretation” (The Political Unconscious). Jameson posits that cultural artifacts are never divorced from their political contexts. Cultural objects are never produced in a vacuum, despite the intentions of those who make it. Popular and esoteric culture, whether low or high art, always, without exception, reproduce, reflect, and confirm the ideologies that contributed to the development of the artist and the work. Even if the discourse surrounding the object is purposefully evacuated of political expression, the object was produced in a society full of contradictory, frustrating, and problematic ideologies. It is the job of the cultural critic, whether academic or not, Marxist or feminist, conservative or liberal, to historicize, always historicize! In fact, the very work I've done within this piece is proof positive of the possibility of contextualizing a cultural object. Not just the possibility, but the utter necessity of doing so.

14.
Cultural objects that circulate without any interrogation tends to reproduce the problematic ideologies at their heart. Objects that without irony or self-awareness depict problematic ideologies tend to confirm them. The majority of the audience accepts the depiction as fait accompli, something I find completely unacceptable.

This is especially important when discussing race or gender within the cultural milieu. A theme running through these notes is race, something that intensely interests me in a critical sense. I am a product of the cult of nice, the individuating pedagogy, and my mother is proud to say that she raised me not to see colour. Of course, it is the privileged terrain of the white privilege to deny white privilege. Being colour-blind, as white people would call it, is not productive in the slightest. This type of willful ignorance of differences between socially constructed race extends to ignore the structures of racial inequality and systemic racism at the heart of most states. It is extremely necessary and imperative that race become something we can talk about. Some critics, such as Requires Hate, want to talk about race in a purposefully confrontational manner in order to disrupt the cult of nice. She wants to overturn the culturally determined paradigm of quiet, accepting, meek, submissive Woman of Colour. Her methodology includes vicious language, relentless interrogation, and pithy dismissal of white men's tears. Part of her project is to highlight the egregious depictions of race and gender in genre fiction in order to incite discussion, to bring problematic things to light. Silence doesn't positively affect the circulation and reproduction of racist or misogynistic structures.

15.
I'll end with a final example of the negative implications of a political evacuation. The NFL and the American Cancer Society have partnered up to help bring awareness of women's health (read: breast cancer) by wearing and distributing pink clothing and gear, emblazoned with the trademarked pink ribbon that signifies breast cancer. Part of the proceeds of the sale of pink clothing goes to the foundation to help fight cancer.

At first glance, this seems totally positive, and I'm a monster for taking issue with this. Seeing ludicrously masculine men wear equipment festooned with pink seems, on the surface, a positive step in smashing gender barriers and the stigma of femininity while simultaneously advancing a very important cause. Yet, the more I examine this microcosm of breast cancer culture, the more I'm repulsed and depressed. At the risk of repeating arguments made in the incredible and provocative book, Pink Ribbons Inc by Samantha King (and made into a documentary distributed by the NFB of Canada), the NFL's partnership and corporate sponsorship is pure and simple crass corporatism and should be examined on a national level. Firstly, only 5% of sales of pink clothing goes to the American Cancer Society (which presumably allocates/partitions that 5% as per their charter) which seems a paltry amount considering the high price of the clothing and the low cost of manufacturing. Secondly, it seems rather asinine to “promote awareness” of the most visible of all women's health issues. Cancer is omnipresent in American society, from depictions in the media to neverending news stories on the new foods/activities/objects that will fight/cure/cause/stop cancer. Thirdly, this visibility of cancer survival and culture is routinely sustained by images of white middle aged women. Breast cancer receives the most amount of attention because this type of cancer affects the most visible of maternal/feminine bodyparts. Collectively, white middle aged women signify the mother figure in American culture and thus breast cancer is hurting society where it hurts the most. However, women of colour are also affected by breast cancer — probably more as women of colour do not, statistically speaking, have the same access to resources (America does not enjoy universal healthcare). In addition, heart disease presents a far greater danger to women's health than cancer. Women are 11 times more likely to die of heart disease than breast cancer, and yet it is breast cancer that appears to need the most amount of awareness (not quantifiable, by the way). Lastly, charity organizations are corporations above all else. Corporations are pathologically focused on survival and upholding an economic status quo that guarantees their existence. Thus, the logic of corporatism would suggest that any permanent change in the world, such as the end of cancer (an impossible feat) should be avoided at all costs. After all, if cancer is cured tomorrow, an entire industry, including millions of jobs, would be destroyed. Ultimately, the cancer industrial complex soldiers on, while individual lives are literally at stake.

When culture becomes evacuated of politics, the discourse is fundamentally reductive, and thus easily manipulated by larger systems at play, including the logic of late capitalism. Lost within the relentless gears and cogs of simplified popular culture, individuals have their voices drowned out by the menacing and problematic ideologies at work. The NFL's pink campaign of awareness is — without a doubt — a scam, designed only to increase the coffers of the stakeholders. And this product of late capitalism has become a matter of life and death.

16.
When popular culture becomes devoid of political discussion, operating below the surface, in the background, and in many cases dispersed right across the surface are ideologies that can manipulate and coerce. Many people complain about the “dumbing down of society” and I'm uninterested in this rhetoric because it's frankly not true. I'm typing on a computer surrounded by objects that communicate with satellites that allow me to converse with people around the globe at the speed of light. Society is not becoming more lax in intelligence. Rather, the logic of late capitalism tries to infantilize and weaken us in order to self-sustain and reproduce. Its primary tool of manipulation is pop culture and its greatest strategy was to remove politics from the discourse.

17.
I'm an ally of feminism, I advocate for LGBT rights (not just marriage), I'm an outspoken opponent of casual, social, and systemic racism, I'm Marxist, I'm atheist (but I'm embarrassed to be associated with the public face of atheism — what a bunch of assholes), and my friends and family find me insufferable because I never stop talking about politics. I'm sorry, but it's the only way to keep the dialogue open. Thanks for reading.

Thursday, February 28, 2013

Book Review Round-Up

'Sometimes when I go with you into those old, empty houses I think that all the people who ever lived in them are still there, watching and listening. The night we went to look at that house on College Avenue, while you were down in the cellar with the light, I was so frightened I couldn't even call you. I remembered the old lady who used to live there, and all the time I was standing in the hall, the wind was blowing, and the branches of the trees were creaking, and I thought I could hear her crying and scratching with her nails against the walls, as if she were trying to get back in again where all her memories were. I couldn't live in such a house.'

Sorry, I can't be arsed to write full or even half write-ups of these novels. Suffice it to say that I loved all six of these books, especially Boyden's debut (of which I've written almost 8,000 words for school). The above quote comes from John Marlyn's novel, which I read only because it was set in Winnipeg (my hometown). With each Pat Barker novel I read, I'm convinced she's one of the best English authors of the 20th century. Also, Daniel Woodrell is my new favourite author and in 2013, will probably be the most read author. Here's the list.

Under the Ribs of Death
by John Marlyn

Give Us a Kiss by Daniel Woodrell

Border Crossing by Pat Barker

Three Day Road by Joseph Boyden

The New Centurions by Joseph Wambaugh

The Quality of Mercy by Barry Unsworth

Tuesday, February 19, 2013

Too late to re-stage the play: the rise of irony and the fall of prog rock



Marillion is an English rock band formed in the late seventies, just when prog rock was winding down as a genre. In 1979, the year Marillion formed, Pink Floyd released The Wall, Supertramp released Breakfast in America, Electric Light Orchestra released Discovery, and in the last month, The Clash released London Calling. Prog rock was turning culturally irrelevant with the rise of punk rock and hardcore punk such as Black Flag (their debut EP was released in 1978) and The Dead Kennedys (who formed in 1978). Despite prog rock's decline, Marillion released four concept albums in a row, starting with their debut, Script for a Jester's Tear. As the 1980s drew to a close, Marillion's lead singer and lyricist, Fish parted ways with the band. Steve Hogarth was hired to replace him, marking a distinct change in the band's direction. Where Fish's lyrics were dense with allusions, alliteration, and painfully earnest, Hogarth's verses were simpler and often laced with contemporary references. The band's career can be neatly divided in two chapters: the Camp era of Fish and the ironic era of Hogarth. The rise of irony as a dominant mode helped nail prog rock's coffin.

In her essay, "Notes on Camp," Susan Sontag writes that camp "is not a natural mode of sensibility, if there be any such. Indeed the essence of Camp is its love of the unnatural: of artifice and exaggeration" (275). Camp is a sensibility that is difficult to point to, and difficult to discuss. It takes the deathly serious and turns it "frivolous" and "depoliticized" (276, 277). Most Camp objects are unnatural and emphasize their unnaturalness because "nothing in nature can be Campy" (279). Using the example of Art Nouveau, Sontag argues that the art style is "experienced as Camp" rather than simply "is Camp" (281). Rather, Camp is a lens through which objects are perceived. Objects are that are unaware of their Campiness are more satisfying than objects completely conscious of Camp. Naive objects, such as Fish's earnest, emotionally honest lyrics, are essential in their seriousness. The naive Camp object has "the spirit of extravagance" (283) such as the cover to Marillion's debut album, featuring a crying jester.



Marillion's early work with Fish are entirely examples of "art that proposes itself seriously, but cannot be taken altogether seriously because it is 'too much'" (Sontag 284). The art style of the albums, the aggressively epic song lengths, the lyrics that cry out with full intense emotion are all indicators of Fish's tenure with the band. In the debut single, "Script for a Jester's Tear," Fish sings:
Yet another emotional suicide overdosed on sentiment and pride
I'm losing on the swings, losing on the roundabouts, the game is over
Too late to say I love you, too late to re-stage the play
The game is over

I act the role in classic style of a martyr carved with twisted smile
To bleed the lyric for this song to write the rites to right my wrongs
An epitaph to a broken dream to exorcise this silent scream
A scream that's borne from sorrow
Emotional suicide, silent screams, broken dreams are all examples of high seriousness but without any self-awareness. Fish's lyrics point to pure unmediated emotional honesty, without the shield of irony to protect from cynicism. It is the very lack of irony that helps push Marillion's stubborn hold onto prog rock into the realm of Camp.

As prog rock's career trajectory entered into its descent, Marillion's style becomes all the more campy. With more time separating the perceiver and the object, detachment grows or "we become less involved in them" (Sontag 285). The band's wistful nostalgia and painful honesty becomes tolerable once prog rock has laid to rest and irony has become the dominant mode. Marillion is perceived as Camp and becomes palatable despite its extravagance and extraordinary lyrics, "extraordinary in the sense, often, of being special glamorous" (284).

What makes "Script for a Jester's Tear" especially interesting is that the speaker is portraying a character, the titular jester. The song features, then, multiple layers: Fish performing a performer. While this type of self-reflection normally engenders detachment in the listener, such as the mode of metafiction in postmodern literature, in this particular case, the layers resist any emotional distancing by insisting on the emotion. It is as if the jester is no longer the poetical speaker but rather Fish himself is the jester. It is the "glorification of character" where "character is understood as a state of continual incandescence — a person being one, very intense thing" (Sontag 286). Despite its metafictional layers, the subject of "Script for a Jester's Tear" remains Fish, rather than the speaker.

When Steve Hogarth joined the band, the lyrics became less filled with literary allusions, less dense and loquacious, and more often than not, detailed multiple subjects. Rather than high medieval fantasies or high class garden parties or epic length poems on Grendel, Hogarth's lyrics almost exclusively examine relationships, either of their deterioration, their sabotage or their banalities. In 1995's "Cannibal Surf Babe," the speaker depicts a relationship between the speaker and an aggressive female surfer:
Singing: I was born in nineteen sixty weird
And I'm your nightmare surfer babe
Mr. Wilson where's your sandbox and your beard
'You still looking for the perfect microwave?

So I really did my best to get across to her
I said: "One day every pebble hits the beach"
And I kissed her face and held her like a long-lost friend
But she was too far out there to be reached
To be reached
She was too far out there
The lyrics are much simpler, less wordy, and not nearly as direct. Rather that deploy over-the-top references to jesters or suicide, the speaker allows the emotions to come through by oblique irony. The nebulously defined 1960s are flattened and reduced to a cultural referent, rather than the realistic depiction of a complex period of time. This ironic move mirrors what Fredric Jameson calls "the nostalgia mode" and what David Foster Wallace refers to self-conscious irony. Much like American "hyperrealism," Hogarth's irony-laden lyrics use products, objects, and cultural referents to sustain a particular emotional tone rather than Fish's direct address. As Wallace writes in his essay "E Unibus Pluram":
In fact, pop-cultural references have become such potent metaphors in US fiction not only because of how united Americans are in our exposure to mass images but also because of our guilty indulgent psychology with respect to that exposure. Put simply, the pop reference works so well in contemporary fiction because (1) we all recognize such a reference, and (2) we're all a little uneasy about how we all recognize a reference. (Wallace 166)



Like the many examples of postmodern art in Wallace's essay, Hogarth's lyrics rely on the ironic detachment of the listener in order to achieve an emotional tone. If Hogarth had not couched emotional language in references and irony, the lyrics would closer to a direct address, which does not fit the dominant mode. Wallace charts the dominance of irony with the rise of television as a medium. TV internalized the self-conscious unblinking gaze of the audience and presented it back to the viewer in order to assuage the self-consciousness. In order to do this, TV turned self-referential and ironic. Wallace argues that TV anticipates the self-conscious reaction of "too much" gaze by emphasizing that very sensibility. Thus, TV avoids Campiness by prioritizing the frivolousness through cultural references. Hogarth's lyrics, like all art produced in the age of irony, avoids Campiness by avoiding the high seriousness and focusing on the pop.



Of course, prog rock's ethos is not about pop, but rather the seriousness of itself. When Marillion's career trajectory shifted towards pop, it left behind Fish and prog rock's campiness in order to maintain relevancy in an era utterly dominated by irony. The emphasis on the modern conveniences of the modern age, the ironic detachment, and the consumer culture all mark Hogarth's tenure with the band as being part of the ironic era. Prog rock has become irrelevant because it is "too much" and we no longer live in an era of direct emotional address and "screams of sorrow." Irony has taken over, with its focus on products, barcodes, microwaves, and hi-fis.

Works Cited

Sontag, Susan. Against Interpretation and other essays. New York: Octagon Books, 1978. Print.

Wallace, David Foster. "E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction." Review of Contemporary Fiction 13.2 (1993): 151-194. Print.